| As early as 1390, the Dutch set out to refine the tower mill design, which had appeared somewhat earlier along the Mediterranean Sea. The Dutch essentially affixed the standard post mill to the top of a multi-story tower, with separate floors devoted to grinding grain, removing chaff, storing grain, and (on the bottom) living quarters for the windsmith and his family. Both the post mill and the later tower mill design had to be oriented into the wind manually, by pushing a large lever at the back of the mill. Optimizing windmill energy and power output and protecting the mill from damage by furling the rotor sails during storms were among the windsmith's primary jobs. |
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| In 1612, Simon Marius, namer of Jupiter's 4 inner satellites, is first to observe Andromeda galaxy through a telescope. He described it in the preface to his Mundus Jovialis as, 'like the flame of a candle seen through horn.' | ![]() |
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| The first English settlers arrived in 1636 from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and started their settlement just north of the old Dutch fort at Hartford. In 1637, the three Connecticut River towns (Hartford, Weathersfield, and Windsor) set up a collective government in order to fight the Pequot War. In 1638, the towns drew up their Fundamental Orders, setting out the principles, powers, and structure of the government. These were adopted by the Connecticut council on January 14, 1639. The Connecticut Colony received a royal charter in 1662 and became an official crown colony. The New Haven Colony was a separate entity; it was merged into the Connecticut Colony in January 5, 1665. |
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| The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States became known as the Bill of Rights because they contained freedoms that Americans held to be their inalienable rights. So important were these rights that several states insisted on a promise of amendments guaranteeing individual rights before they would ratify the Constitution. The Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, was the result of more than a century of experience with rights in America and many centuries before that in England. |
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| Planned in 1740 as a charity school, it opened in 1751 as an academy, largely through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. In 1755 it received a college charter. Pennsylvania opened the first school of medicine in the United States in 1765, and thus became the first U.S. university, but it was called a college until 1779, when it became the Univ. of the State of Pennsylvania. It assumed its present name in 1791. A pioneer in the areas of law, botany, chemistry, and psychology, Pennsylvania has added much to the traditional curriculum. |
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| The first "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the work of the medical profession. It was the first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation's acceptance. |
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| In 1836, a fire destroyed the U.S. Patent Office. All records of over 10,000 patents issued over 46 years were lost, most forever, and the patent models filed with them. The office shared space in Blodgett's Hotel with the Post Office. The fire started in the basement, where firewood was stored. A bucket brigade attempted to extinguish the flames. Another engine arrived too late; the fire had taken hold. Its water supply was insufficient and the fire consumed the building. |
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| In 1854, Philadelphia residents were amazed as the first practical street cleaning machine was put into operation this day. A series of brooms attached to a cylinder mounted on a cart was turned by a chain driven by the turning of the cart's wheels. |
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| From a study of the lines the chemical composition of the sun is determined on the basis of the discovery by Kirchhoff that the dark lines correspond in position to the bright lines characteristic of the spectra produced by elements in the laboratory. The darkness of the lines in the sun's spectrum is attributed to the presence of a slightly cooler layer of gases above the photosphere, known as the reversing layer, which absorbs selectively the light of the photosphere and thus causes dark lines instead of bright ones to be observed through the spectroscope. |
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| In 1877, Edison was working on a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly. This development led Edison to speculate that a telephone message could also be recorded in a similar fashion. He experimented with a diaphragm which had an embossing point and was held against rapidly-moving paraffin paper. The speaking vibrations made indentations in the paper. Edison later changed the paper to a metal cylinder with tin foil wrapped around it. The machine had two diaphragm-and-needle units, one for recording, and one for playback. |
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| In 1890, a new Indian religion Involving the Ghost Dance emerged and Sitting Bull embraced it. While the Ghost Dance was considered illegal on the reservation, Sitting Bull and his followers performed it with great zeal, claiming they could stop the bullets of the white man. Viewed as a threat to the peace and order of the reservation, Sitting Bull was to be arrested. On December 15th, 1890, a confrontation took place with the U. S. authorities and Sitting Bull was shot and killed -- not by the white man, but by two Sioux policemen. |
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| In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, and coaching rugby at McGill University, Naismith was asked to look for a way to relieve his students' boredom during indoor winter gym classes. Inspired mostly by a Canadian game he played as a child in Ontario, Canada called Duck-on-a-Rock, Naismith's basketball started December 15, 1891 with thirteen rules, a peach basket nailed to either end of the school's gymnasium, and two teams of nine players. |
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| Lynch was a National League umpire known for his honesty. He was instrumental in increasing the prestige of umpires through such actions as leaving the field rather than continue the game in face of heavy fan abuse. He became National League president in 1910 as a compromise candidate and served until 1914. Although his tenure was largely uneventful, his brusque manner and forthright opinions offended several club owners and brought about his replacement. |
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| He made the first North-South flight across Africa. It took him 77 days. He started in Zurich on December 7, 1926, flying via Alexandria and landing in Cape Town on February 21, 1927. On December 15, 1929 he became the first person to fly over Mt. Kilimanjaro. In 1931 he became the technical director of a new airline called Swissair. |
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| The major leagues agree on a uniform ball to be livelier than the National League ball of recent seasons, to match the American League balls. Owners also agree to ban Sunday doubleheaders until after June 15th. |
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| The total cost of the monument was a little over $3 million. It occupies 2.5 acres in the National Mall. The distance to the top of the dome is over 129 feet, while the thickness of the dome is 4 feet. The memorial weighs in at a massive 32,000 tons. The statue of Jefferson stands 19 feet tall and weighs 10,000 pounds. | ![]() |
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| In 1939, nylon yarn was sold to hosiery mills to make women's stockings; marking the first use of commercial yarn for apparel. The product of DuPont, Wilmington, Del., enabled a record number of ladies' hose to go on sale for the first time in May, 1940. |
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| Spotlights swept the sky with huge beacons of light. Peachtree at Pryor Street was closed to traffic. An enormous crowd, numbering 300,000 people according to the Atlanta Constitution, lined the streets on this ice-cold night in Atlanta. Car after car paused at Lowe's Grand Theater as the stars came out. Wild cheers greeted each celebrity as they braved the cold to participate in a brief radio interview. A rousing ovation greeted a group Confederate veterans who were guests of honor. Margaret Mitchell, the hometown Pulitzer Prize-winning author of the book also received a enthusiastic reception. |
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| At the age of sixteen she was hired as a dancer in the chorus of Harlem's famous Cotton Club. There she was introduced to the growing community of jazz performers, including Billie Holiday, Cab Calloway, and Duke Ellington. She also met Harold Arlen, who would write her biggest hit, "Stormy Weather." For the next five years she performed in New York nightclubs, on Broadway, and touring with the Charlie Barnet Orchestra. | ![]() |
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| Miller took his manager's place on the Dec. 15, 1944, flight from Twinwood Farm air field to Paris, France, to arrange for the band's appearance. Flight Officer John Morgan piloted the Norseman UC-64 with Miller and Lt. Col. Norman F. Baessell aboard. Morgan took off despite the foggy weather. The plane never reached France and was never found. | ![]() |
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| The 1946 National Football League championship game was between the New York Giants and the Chicago Bears. Giants fullback Merle Hapes was suspended before the game for not reporting a bribe attempt, and Giants quarterback Frank Filchock threw six interceptions as the Bears won, 24-14. |
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| In Aug., 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a magazine editor and former Communist party courier, accused Hiss of having helped transmit confidential government documents to the Russians. Hiss denied these charges; since, under the statute of limitations, he could not be tried for espionage, he was indicted on two counts of perjury. When he was first brought to trial in 1949, the jury was unable to reach a decision. At a second trial Hiss was found guilty and sentenced to a five-year prison term. |
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| In 1949, Howard signed to Mercury Records. His popularity continued into the 1950s with tracks such as "Maybe It's Because", and "Sin (It's No Sin)," which became Howard's second #1 hit. This track was also a hit for The Four Aces. Howard's last hit was "Teen-Ager's Waltz", which peaked at #90 on the Billboard Top 100 chart in 1955. | ![]() |
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| Disneyland's success was clinched in December 1954 with the introduction of the first of three episodes focusing on Davy Crockett. The day after the 15 December telecast of "Davy Crockett, Indian Fighter," Crockett mania swept through the country. | ![]() |
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| As rock 'n' roll stampeded onto the charts in the mid-1950s, Mitchell's moment seemed to be over. But by shifting the emphasis from novelties to country songs, Mitchell enjoyed a second wind with "Singing the Blues," "Rock-a-Billy" (a stiff tribute to the Memphis country-rock sound), and a second and final No. 1 hit, "Heartaches by the Number," a cover version of Ray Price's country hit. | ![]() |
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| "Bye Bye Love" began a phenomenal three-year string of classic hit singles for Cadence, including "Wake Up Little Susie," "All I Have to Do Is Dream," "Bird Dog," "('Til) I Kissed You," and "When Will I Be Loved." The Everlys sang of young love with a heart-rending yearning and compelling melodies. Even their mid-tempo numbers and ballads, "Let It Be Me," were executed with a force missing in the straight country and pop tunes of the era. |
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| The Equal Time Rule, requires broadcasters to afford equal opportunity to candidates seeking political office, and formally included provisions for rebuttal of controversial viewpoints under the contested Fairness Doctrine. |
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| On October 22, 1962, Meader joined writers Bob Booker and Earle Doud and a small cast of entertainers and recorded The First Family, which would become the fastest-selling record in the United States. By that Christmas, one million copies of the album had been sold; by the following year, it had sold an astonishing 7.5 million copies—unprecedented for any album, let alone a comedy album. | ![]() |
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| Bob Cousy, one of the greatest passers and playmakers in NBA history, was flashy before flashy was cool. "The Houdini of the Hardwood", he was the original "Human Highlight Film." Cousy was instrumental in building the Boston Celtics of the 1950s and 1960s into basketball's most enduring dynasty-America's team. | ![]() |
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| This was designed to sound similar to their first hit, "Sherry." Motown soon applied the same approach to its acts: if someone had a hit -- especially an unexpected one -- follow it up with something very similar. Like "Sherry," this spent 5 weeks at #1 in the US. | ![]() |
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| Early in 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson informed the House of Commons that the government wished to adopt a distinctive national flag. The 1967 centennial celebration of Confederation was, after all, approaching. As a result, a Senate and House of Commons Committee was formed and submissions were called for once again. The committee eventually decided to recommend the single-leaf design, which was approved by resolution of the House of Commons on December 15, 1964, followed by the Senate on December 17, 1964, and proclaimed by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, to take effect on February 15, 1965. |
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| Magnetic core memory, or ferrite-core memory, is an early form of computer memory. It uses small magnetic ceramic rings, the cores, to store information via the polarity of the magnetic field they contain. | ![]() |
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| The primary objective of the mission, crewed by command pilot Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and pilot Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, was to rendezvous with spacecraft No. 7. Among the secondary objectives were stationkeeping with spacecraft No. 7, evaluating spacecraft reentry guidance capability, testing the visibility of spacecraft No. 7 as a rendezvous target, and conducting three experiments. | ![]() |
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| Dollfus is credited with the discovery of Janus but it's not really certain whether the object he saw was Janus or Epimetheus and his observations led to a spurious orbit. (Walker discovered it independently but his telegram arrived a few hours after Dollfus'.) Larson and Fountain determined in 1978 that there are in fact two moons at about 151000 km from Saturn. This was confirmed in 1980 by Voyager 1. | ![]() |
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| Starting in 1963, the Beatles started recording and releasing a special 6 or 7 minutes christmas single, in the shape of a 7 inch flexidisc (looks like a single, but is thinner and made of plastic), which they had distributed to members of their official fan club. These recorda are very rare today and difficult to obtain. The 1967 record includes the rocking "Christmas Time is Here Again," (later released in conjunction with the Anthology-project) "Plenty of Jam Jars" (performed by fictional band the "Revellers"), and finally John's poem "When Christmas Time is Over." |
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| Besides calling baseball games for NBC, Garagiola served as the host of The Today Show from 1967 to 1973 and again from 1991 to 1992. In the late 1960s and 1970s, Garagiola also hosted the game shows Joe Garagiola's Memory Game, Sale of the Century and To Tell the Truth, as well as the Monday Night Baseball pre-game show The Baseball World of Joe Garagiola to his resume. Garagiola also gained a new form of notoriety thanks to his stints as host of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. He also hosted one more game show, Strike it Rich, in 1986. |
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| The Soviet probe, Venera 7, was the first probe to land on Venus. Unfortunately, it was put out of operation within an hour by Venus' high temperature. | ![]() |
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| Sandy Hawley started his career as a 17-year-old boy, hotwalking horses at a Toronto racetrack. Two years later, he became a regular rider at racetracks in Ontario and then rode at racetracks on the East Coast of the United States. He went on to become North America's top apprentice jockey in 1969 and then led in victories for the years 1970, 1972, 1973 and 1976. In the 1973 season, he became the first jockey to ever win 500 races in one year breaking Bill Shoemaker's record. |
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| Following the success of "Behind Closed Doors," RCA re-released "Tomorrow Night," which reached the Top 30, but it was "The Most Beautiful Girl," the proper follow-up to his first number one single, that established him as a star. "The Most Beautiful Girl" spent three weeks at the top of the country charts and two weeks at the top of the pop charts. Behind Closed Doors won three awards from the Country Music Association that year. |
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| The ride was never intended to be part of Magic Kingdom out of fear that it would not be exotic enough to Floridians, due to its geographic proximity to the Caribbean. Instead, planners intended Magic Kingdom to have a Pirates-type ride called the Western River Expedition, which would feature cowboys and Indians instead. However, guest demand forced the Florida resort to build the ride, although it is shorter than its counterpart in Disneyland. |
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| The U.S. was the first country to invoke the Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, successfully suing Iran in the ICJ for the taking of 52 U.S. hostages in Tehran in 1979. |
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| Dennis DeYoung wrote this as a birthday present for his wife Suzanne. At first, she did not want it released because she felt it was too personal. This is the only #1 US hit for Styx, and their only song that did well in the UK. | ![]() |
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| Winfield became the 19th player in big-league history to collect 3,000 hits, finishing his career with 3,110 hits, and 465 homers. Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, Stan Musial, Carl Yastrzemski and Eddie Murray are the only other players to record 3,000 hits and 400-plus homers. Winfield drove in 100 or more runs eight times and ranks 11th all-time in RBIs with 1,833. He ranks 14th in hits and 19th in home runs. | ![]() |
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| In April of 1984, the Recording Industry Association of America announced that Hall & Oates had surpassed the Everly Brothers as the most successful duo in rock history, earning a total of 19 gold and platinum awards. Released in October of 1984, Big Bam Boom expanded their number of gold and platinum awards, selling over two million copies and launching four Top 40 singles, including the number one "Out of Touch." |
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| International project Venus-Halley was devoted to Venus exploration from the orbiter and from the lander and to Halley Comet investigation from the flight-by probe. Two interplanetary probes were launched in 1984, they have retained the lander and the balloons on Venus and investigated Halley Comet during the flight-by in March,1986. The on-board TV system produced about 1500 images, including the close-up pictures of the comet nucleus from a distance ~ 8000 km. |
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| In mid-May of 1986, Carnegie Hall closed its doors for 28 weeks to begin the most extensive renovation and restoration in its history. On December 15, 1986, the doors opened to a dazzled audience at a Gala Re-Opening Benefit. Concert-goers now enjoy the enlarged and renovated main lobby, new elevators and expanded box-office facilities; and the Main Hall restored to its original 19th century splendor, with comfortable new seats, and the warmth and grandeur of its famous acoustics. Violinist Isaac Stern arrived in a horse-drawn carriage to cut the ribbon. |
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| Singer, songwriter, and producer Stevie B. was among the leading lights of the Miami dance music scene of the late '80s, later reaching the top of the pop charts with the mega-hit "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)." With 1990's "Because I Love You," he reached the pinnacle of his success, with the single's accompanying album Love & Emotion also generating a pair of Top 20 hits, "I'll Be by Your Side" and the title cut. | ![]() |
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| In January 1980, John Williams succeeded Arthur Fiedler and was named the nineteenth conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra since its founding in 1885. He has lead the Boston Pops on United States tours in 1985, 1989 and 1992 and on three tours of Japan in 1987, 1990 and 1993. He has also maintained an aggressive schedule of guest conducting. These orchestras include the London Symphony, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra and many others. Following his retirement in December 1993, he was named Boston Pops Laureate Conductor. He also holds honorary doctorate degrees from fourteen American Universities. |
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| A master of late-game comebacks, Montana directed his teams to 31 fourth quarter come-from-behind wins during his illustrious career, including a 92-yard drive in the closing seconds of Super Bowl XXIII. A true student of the game, Montana won the NFL’s passing title in both 1987 and 1989. He topped the NFC in passing five times (1981, 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1989). Thirty-nine times he passed for more than 300 yards in a game, including seven times in which he surpassed 400 yards. He was elected to Football’s Hall of Fame in 2000. |
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1593 State of Holland grants patent
on windmill with crankshaft
More ...
1612 Simon Marius, is first to observe Andromeda
galaxy through a telescope
More ...
1664 English colonizing Connecticut
More ...
1791 Bill of Rights ratified when Virginia gave
its approval
More ...
1791 First US law school established at University
of Pennsylvania
More ...
1792 First life insurance policy issued in US
(Philadelphia)
1820 First general pharmacopoeia in US published,
Boston
More ...
1836 Patent Office burns in Washington DC
More ...
1854 First street-cleaning machine in US first
used in Philadelphia
More ...
1859 GR Kirchhoff describes chemical composition
of Sun
More ...
1877 Thomas Edison patents phonograph
More ...
1890 Sioux leader Sitting Bull
was killed in a skirmish with U.S. soldiers
More ...
1891 James Naismith invents basketball (Canada)
More ...
1909 Thomas J Lynch becomes president of baseball's
National League
More ...
1925 First hockey game at Madison Square Garden,
Montréal Canadiens 3, New York Americans 1
1925 First road with a depressed trough (Texas)
opens to traffic
1929 Walter Mittelholzer flies as first about
the Kilimanjaro
More ...
1933 Baseball owners agree to ban Sunday doubleheaders
until after June 15
More ...
1938 Groundbreaking begins for Jefferson Memorial
in Washington DC
More ...
1939 First commercial manufacture of nylon yarn,
Seaford DE
More ...
1939 World premiere of "Gone With The Wind"
in Atlanta GA
More ...
1941 Lena Horne records
"Stormy Weather"
More ...
1942 Massachusetts issues first US vehicular license
plate tabs (made from plastic)
1944 Bandleader, Major Glenn Miller, lost over
English Channel
More ...
1946 Giants Frank Filchock & Merle Hapes suspended
by NFL
More ...
1948 Former state department official Alger Hiss
indicted in NYC for perjury
More ...
1951 "Sin (It's No Sin)" by Eddy Howard
topped the charts
More ...
1954 Fordham University scraps football team for
financial reasons
1954 "Davy Crockett, Indian Fighter"
debuts on Disneyland TV series
More ...
1956 "Singing the Blues" by Guy Mitchell
topped the charts
More ...
1959 Everly Brothers record "Let It Be Me"
More ...
1961 Equal access rule, political parties get
TV broadcasting time
More ...
1962 Vaughn Meader's "The first Family"
album goes #1
More ...
1962 Bob Cousy of the Boston Celtics set a NBA
record as he made his 5,926th field goal
More ...
1962 "Big Girls Don't Cry" by the Four
Seasons topped the charts
More ...
1964 Canada adopts maple leaf flag
More ...
1964 A patent was granted to Kenneth Olsen for
"magnetic core memory"
More ...
1965 Gemini 6 launched; makes first rendezvous
in space (with Gemini 7)
More ...
1966 Audouin Dollfus discovers 10th satellite
of Saturn Janus
More ...
1967 Beatles release "Christmas Time is Here
Again"
More ...
1967 Joe Garagiola joins the Today Show panel
More ...
1970 Soviet Venera 7 is first spacecraft to land
on another planet (Venus)
More ...
1973 Sandy Hawley becomes first jockey to win
500 races in 1 year
More ...
1973 "The Most Beautiful Girl" by Charlie
Rich topped the charts
More ...
1973 Pirates of Caribbean ride opens at Disneyland (Florida)
More ...
1979 World Court in Hague rules Iran should release
all US hostages
More ...
1979 "Babe" by Styx topped the charts
More ...
1980 New York Yankee Dave Winfield becomes highest-paid
player, 10 years $15 million
More ...
1983 Wendy Wasserstein's "Isn't It Romantic"
premieres in New York NY
1984 "Out of Touch" by Daryl Hall &
John Oates topped the charts
More ...
1984 USSR launches Vega 1 for rendezvous with
Halley's Comet
More ...
1986 Violinist Isaac Stern arrived in a horse-drawn
carriage to open the renovated Carnegie Hall
More ...
1990 "Because I Love You" by Stevie
B topped the charts
More ...
1993 John Williams final appearance as conductor
of Boston Pops
More ...
1997 San Francisco 49ers retire Joe Montana's
#16
More ...