| In 1450 Gutenberg formed a partnership with the wealthy burgher, Johann Fust of Mainz, for the purpose of completing his contrivance and of printing the so-called "42-line Bible", a task which was finished in the years 1453-1455 at the Hof zum Humbrecht. Fust brought suit in 1455 to recover the 2000 gulden he had advanced and obtained judgment for a portion of the amount with interest. As a result of Gutenberg's insolvency, the machinery and type which he had made and pledged to Fust became the property of the latter. In addition to the types for the 42-line Bible, the mortgage covered the copious stock of type which had evidently been already prepared for the edition of the Psalter, which was printed by Fust and Schäffer in August, 1457. |
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| In 1813, the first cotton mill in the world in which the whole process of cotton manufacturing from spinning to weaving was carried on by power was incorporated in Waltham, Mass., with a capital of $100,000 as the Boston Manufacturing Company, later known as the Waltham Company. Construction of the mill began later the same year in Waltham, located on the north bank of the Charles River, which it used for water power. By the following year, cloth manufactured in Waltham was for sale in Boston. |
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| After the Revolution, Boston quickly became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports due to its proximity as the closest American port to Europe. Major exports included rum, fish, salt, and tobacco. In 1822, Boston was chartered as a city. By the mid-1800s, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. |
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| General Santa Anna with the vanguard of his army arrived in San Antonio close to sundown. A blood-red banner was run up an San Fernando Cathedral, signifying no quarter. Colonel William 'Travis ordered the red banner answered with a cannon shot. The Mexican soldiers fired back and the siege of the Alamo began. It lasted 13 days. | ![]() |
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| Learning of rumors of an extensive plot to assassinate, Lincoln reluctantly agreed to go from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to Washington, via Philadelphia and Baltimore, in secrecy and with considerable security undertaken by the railroad. Accompanied by Lamon and Pinkerton, Lincoln left Harrisburg after dinner on February 22, on a special train to Philadelphia. There they connected with the Baltimore train late that evening, arriving in Baltimore about 4 a.m., where they were switched to the Baltimore & Ohio tracks for the trip to Washington. At Washington, Lincoln was met by Illinois Representative Elihu Washburne, who escorted him to Willard's Hotel. The manner of Lincoln's arrival was ridiculed by his enemies and criticized by many friends. |
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| An Englishman, Major Walter C. Wingfield, invented lawn tennis (1873) and first played it at a garden party in Wales. The early game was played on an hourglass-shaped court, widest at the baselines and narrowest at the net. In creating the new sport, Wingfield borrowed heavily from the older games of court tennis and squash racquets and probably even from the Indian game of badminton. | ![]() |
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| Hall produced the first samples of metal on February 23, 1886, after several years of intensive work. He had to fabricate most of his apparatus and prepare his chemicals, and was assisted by his older sister Julia Hall. The basic invention involves passing an electric current through a bath of alumina dissolved in cryolite, which results in a puddle of aluminum forming in the bottom of the retort. | ![]() |
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| When students united to form the Bryn Mawr College Self-Government Association in 1892, the College became the first institution of higher education in the United States to give students responsibility not only for enforcing rules of behavior upon themselves, but also for deciding what those rules should be. |
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| In 1893, Rudolf Diesel received a German patent for the diesel engine. His engine burns fuel oil rather than gasoline, and uses high compressed of the gases in the cylinder rather than a spark to ignite the fuel. Diesel engines were used widely in Europe for their efficiency and power, and are still used today in most heavy industrial machinery. | ![]() |
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| In 1896, the Tootsie Roll was introduced by Austrian immigrant Leo Hirshfield to the U.S. In a small store in New York City, he began producing his a chocolaty, chewy candy, which he named after a nickname of "Tootsie" for his five-year-old daughter, Clara. He was America's first candy maker to individually wrap penny candy. Current production is over 49 million pieces a day. | ![]() |
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| A provision of the 1903 Permanent Treaty gave the U.S. the right to lease a piece of Cuban land where the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stands today. The payment to Cuba? 2,000 gold coins ($4,085). An aside. Cuba hasn’t cashed the checks since the 1959 Cuban Revolution. |
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| The world's first service club, the Rotary Club of Chicago, Illinois, USA, was formed on February 23, 1905 by Paul P. Harris, an attorney who wished to recapture in a professional club the same friendly spirit he had felt in the small towns of his youth. The name "Rotary" derived from the early practice of rotating meetings among members' offices. |
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| The McKinley gold dollar commemorative was issued to honor the President, who had been assassinated, and funds from the sale were used to build a memorial at his birthplace in Niles, Ohio. Only 9,977 coins were issued for 1916; an additional 10,023 were remelted and never issued. | |
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| On February 22, 1921, an air mail plane left San Francisco at 4:30 a.m., landing at New York (Hazelhurst Field) at 4:50 p.m. on February 23. The total elapsed time for the trip, including all stops, was 33 hours and 21 minutes. The actual flying time was 25 hours and 16 minutes, and the average speed was 104 miles per hour over the entire distance of 2629 miles. | ![]() |
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| The Radio Act of 1927 made almost no mention of the radio networks that were in the process of dominating radio. The only mention of radio networks was vague: The Commission {the Federal Radio Commission} shall "Have the authority to make special regulations applicable to stations engaged in chain broadcasting." |
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| In 1936, the first U.S. rocket air mail flight was made at Greenwood Lake, N.Y. in the Gloria. This rocket was 11-ft long with a 15-ft wing spread, fueled by alcohol and liquid oxygen. It carried 4,323 letters and 1,826 postcards. Each cover was franked with special rocket stamps in addition to the regular postage stamps. The flight was sponsored by Frido W. Kessler. The rocket inventors were Willey Ley, Louis Goodman and Hugh Franklin Pierce. |
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| The Imperial Japanese Navy's submarine I-17, under the command of Commander Nishino Kozo, surfaced and shells the oil refinery near Santa Barbara. Before the war, as skipper of an oil tanker, Nishino had refueled there. The shelling does only minor damages to a pier and an oil well derrick, but creates "invasion" fears along the West Coast. Three shells struck near the Bankline Co. oil refinery, the apparent target of the shelling. Rigging and pumping equipment at a well about 1,000 yards inland were destroyed but otherwise no damage was caused. |
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| "As Time Goes By" was written by Herman Hupfeld and debuted in 1931's Broadway show "Everybody's Welcome", sung by Frances Williams. "Casablanca" was released in 1942, although its general release did not happen until January 1943. It stars Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman ,and Paul Henreid. The movie itself boasts an all star cast, including Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sydney Greenstreet, Peter Lorre, and Dooley Wilson. | ![]() |
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| From Pharmacist Mate Second Class John H. Bradley, USN, with the 5th Marine Division: “We started up the mountain immediately after the Naval barrage and plane strafing was over and we reached the top. The reason we reached the top of Mount Suribachi without a single enemy shot being fired was because the Japs were still in their caves waiting for the bombardment to be lifted. When we got there I was with the group that swung to the left and immediately the Lieutenant sent a man around to look for something we could put the American flag on. The Japs had some old pipes that were laying around there, they used these pipes to run water down below the mountain. We used this Jap pipe and attached the American flag on there and put it up. And Joe Rosenthal happened to be there at the right time. He came up a little while after we were on top and much to his surprise the picture that is now so famous....the Flag Raising on Mount Suribachi.” |
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| Pop singer Patti Page cut her own version of “Tennessee Waltz” (co-written by King) in 1950 and it was an enormous hit, topping the pop charts and selling several million copies; it ranked as one of the biggest country crossovers ever. King followed it in 1951 with "Slow Poke," a novelty tune that topped both the country and pop charts, spending over three months at number one. | ![]() |
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| In February, first, second and third-grade students from five suburban schools were the first to be inoculated in a second, expanded pilot trial. On February 23, students of Arsenal Elementary School were the first to be inoculated of the more than 5,000 6- to 9-year-olds from 19 City of Pittsburgh schools. | ![]() |
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| On January 6, 1957, Elvis made his third and final appearance on Ed Sullivan’s Toast of the Town Show. It is for this appearance that Elvis is seen only from the waist up. Elvis’ “Too Much” was one of five songs he performd. Ed Sullivan himself helps diffuse some of the controversy surrounding Elvis when he comes out on stage to thank Elvis and tells the studio audience and millions of American television viewers that “this is a decent, fine boy” and what a delight he has been to work with when appearing on the show. “Too Much” shot to number one in February. |
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| The song later became the center of one of the most publicized lawsuits in music history. The estate of songwriter Ronnie Marks won the suit against former Beatle George Harrison, saying that the song "My Sweet Lord", was a note-for-note copy of "He’s So Fine". The Chiffons also scored big with "One Fine Day", "Sweet Talkin’ Guy" and others. | ![]() |
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| Ray Hildebrand and Jill Jackson were attending Howard Payne College in Brownwood, Texas in 1962 when a local DJ asked listeners to come to the studio and sing their songs to help the American Cancer Society. The duo sang a song called "Hey Paula," which Hildebrand wrote, and were encouraged by everyone in town to make a record of it. Soon their duo was known as Paul and Paula instead of Ray and Jill and “Hey Paula” rose to number one. |
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| Barbra's old rehearsal pianist from her Broadway days in "Funny Girl", Marvin Hamlisch,was hired to score "The Way We Were" and write the title song, with lyrics by Mariliyn and Alan Bergman. Barbra did not like the song and asked Hamlisch to write another tune, which he grudgingly did. Pollack suggested they play both versions at the end of the film and vote on which was best. Hamlisch's original version won out. "I had to beg her to sing it," said the composer later. The soundtrack's title single became a number one hit and was named Billboard's top pop single of the year. It was Barbra's first hit single in 3 years. |
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| At first, "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" was not released in the US. Since the album was not out yet, radio stations there started playing import copies of the single. This led Queen's record company to release it in America, about 3 months after it came out in England. This was the first song Freddie Mercury played rhythm guitar on. | ![]() |
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| "Careless Whisper" (written when Michael was 17) became one of the most played songs of the decade and voted Londoner's Favourite record of all time in January 1995 in a competition run jointly by the capital's leading evening newspaper and radio station. He was then also voted Best Male Singer by the same radio station and by the readers of a national newspaper. | ![]() |
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| The Hubble telescope has obtained the best images yet of a mysterious mirror-imaged pair of rings of glowing gas encircling the site of the stellar explosion called supernova 1987A. One possibility for these "hula hoops" of gas is that the two rings might be caused by a high-energy beam of radiation that is sweeping across the gas, like a searchlight sweeping across clouds. Though all of the rings appear inclined to our view (so that they appear to intersect), they are probably in three different planes. |
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| A committee of Chicago aldermen vote 7-2 to allow the Cubs to install lights and play up to 18 night games a year at Wrigley Field. The Cubs had feared losing the 1990 All-Star Game, as well as future playoff and World Series games, if lights were not installed. |
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| Houston's third album “I'm Your Baby Tonight“ reached number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 and did not sell as highly as her first two albums, with twelve million copies sold worldwide. The first two singles, "I'm Your Baby Tonight" and "All the Man That I Need" went to number one in the U.S., but "Miracle", "My Name Is Not Susan" and "I Belong to You" were less successful. | ![]() |
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| "Schindler's List" was the true story of Czech born Oskar Schindler, a businessman who tried to make his fortune during the Second World War by exploiting cheap Jewish labour, but ended up penniless having saved over 1000 Polish Jews from almost certain death during the holocaust. | ![]() |
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| Dolly was created by a research team managed by Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. The goal of the research was the reliable reproduction of animals genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk. Wilmut's team had already created 2 sheep clones from embryonic cells grown in culture called Megan and Morag; the work was published in Nature in 1996. |
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1455 Johannes Gutenberg prints first
book, the Bible (estimated date)
More ...
1813 First US raw cotton-to-cloth mill founded
in Waltham, MA
More ...
1822 Boston is incorporated as a city
More ...
1836 Alamo besieged by Santa Anna; entire garrison
eventually killed
More ...
1861 President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrived secretly
in Washington to take office
More ...
1874 Major Walter Winfield patents game called
"sphairistike" (lawn tennis)
More ...
1886 Charles M. Hall completed his invention of
aluminum
More ...
1886 London Times publishes world's first classified
ad
1892 First college student government established,
Bryn Mawr, PA
More ...
1893 Rudolf Diesel received a German patent for
the diesel engine
More ...
1896 Tootsie Roll introduced by Leo Hirshfield
More ...
1903 Cuban state of Guantanamo leased to USA
More ...
1905 Rotary Club International established by
4 men in Chicago
More ...
1910 United Wireless Telegraph Company in Philadelphia
sponsored the first morse code radio contest
1916 Congress authorizes McKinley Memorial $1
gold coin
More ...
1921 First US transcontinental air mail flight
arrives in New York
More ...
1927 President Coolidge creates Federal Radio
Commission (FCC predecessor)
More ...
1936 First rocket air mail flight, Greenwood Lake
NY
More ...
1942 First attack on the U.S. mainland near
Santa Barbara, California
More ...
1943 The song "As Time Goes By" from
the movie Casablanca was copyrighted
More ...
1945 US Marines raise flag on Iwo Jima
More ...
1952 "Slow Poke" by Pee Wee King topped
the charts
More ...
1954 First mass inoculation with Salk vaccine
(Pittsburgh)
More ...
1957 "Too Much" by Elvis Presley topped
the charts
More ...
1960 Demolition begins on Brooklyn's Ebbets Field
(opened in 1913)
1963 The Chiffons recording of "Hes
So Fine" was released
More ...
1963 "Hey Paula" by Paul & Paula
topped the charts
More ...
1968 Wilt Chamberlain becomes first NBAer to score
25,000 points
1974 "The Way We Were" by Barbra Streisand's
topped the charts
More ...
1980 "Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
by Queen topped the charts
More ...
1985 "Careless Whisper" by George Michael
topped the charts
More ...
1987 Supernova 1987A in LMC first seen; first
naked-eye supernova since 1604
More ...
1988 Chicago gives Cubs right to install lights
& play up to 18 night games
More ...
1991 "All the Man That I Need" by Whitney
Houston topped the charts
More ...
1995 Dow Jones closes above 4,000 for first time
(4,003.33)
1997 NBC TV shows "Schindler's List",
completely uncensored, 65 million watch
More ...
1997 Scientists in Scotland announced they succeeded
in cloning an adult mammal
More ...