| In 1809, the first U.S. geology book of importance was read by William Maclure before the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, Pa. It was Observations on the Geology of the United States, which was published in revised form in 1817 in Philadelphia, PA, and contained the first chart of United States territory that divided the land into rock types. It was the first true geological map of any part of North America and one of the world's earliest geological maps. Maclure was a wealthy businessman and amateur geologist who emigrated from Scotland and became a citizen in 1796. He is considered the first American geologist of note. |
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| The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), signed on board a British warship by two Manchu imperial commissioners and the British plenipotentiary, was the first of a series of agreements with the Western trading nations later called by the Chinese the "unequal treaties." Under the Treaty of Nanjing, China ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British; abolished the licensed monopoly system of trade; opened 5 ports to British residence and foreign trade; limited the tariff on trade to 5 percent ad valorem; granted British nationals extraterritoriality (exemption from Chinese laws); and paid a large indemnity. In addition, Britain was to have most-favored-nation treatment, that is, it would receive whatever trading concessions the Chinese granted other powers then or later. |
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| William Kelly was awarded the original U.S. patent for pneumatic steelmaking over Bessemer in 1857. However, it is clear that Kelly's "air boiling" process was conducted at such low blowing rates that the heat generation barely offset the heat losses. He never developed a commercial process for making steel consistently. |
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| In 1885, the first U.S. patent for a roller coasting structure was issued to La Marcus Thompson of Coney Island, NY. Coney Island, at the terminus of New York City's extensive trolley line, was already a popular amusement park in 1884, when Thompson opened a new attraction - the Gravity Pleasure Switchback Railway. For a five-cent ticket, passengers sat sideways in cars that by gravity descended the gentle waves of the 600-foot wooden mini-railway, reaching a top speed of six miles per hour. The enormously popular ride earned back Thompson's original $1,600 investment within three weeks. Within four years, he had built about 50 more across the nation and in Europe. |
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| The United States of America and the Hawaiian Kingdom signed the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 as Supplemented by Convention on December 6, 1884 and ratified in 1887. On January 20, 1887, the United States Senate allowed the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base (the US took possession on November 9 that year). As a result, Hawai‘i obtained exclusive rights to allow Hawaiian sugar to enter the United States duty free. |
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| The first official basketball game took place at the YMCA gymnasium in Springfield, Massachusetts. There were two nine-man teams. A soccer ball was used and peach baskets were nailed 10 feet above the floor on the balcony. "Basket ball", the name suggested by one of his students, was popular from the beginning, and with its early adherents being dispatched to YMCAs throughout the United States, the game was soon played all over the country. |
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| An early "talkie" filmed in 1929, it was the first western with sound to emerge from a major studio, Fox Pictures, making it a revolutionary breakthrough with its cleverly-hidden microphones masked by real rocks and shrubs. Warner Baxter received an Academy Award for his portrayal of the Cisco Kid, the "Robin Hood of the West" who was based on the character conceived by O. Henry. | ![]() |
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| George Washington Trendle had acquired radio station WXYZ in Detroit in 1929. Hoping to turn a respectable profit, Trendle thought about developing a radio show using a hero based on a combination of Zorro and Robin Hood. THE LONE RANGER hit the airwaves in 1933. Initially the show was heard on WXYZ, and later, over the Michigan Regional Network. During the early years, WXYZ's jack-of-all-trades James 'Jim' Jewell did scripts, directed and even did roles on the program. Supposedly, Jewell even did the Lone Ranger role in a 1933 broadcast. Later, Trendle hired a talented radio writer named Fran Striker who further developed the characterization and scripts which left Jewell to concentrate on directing. Earle Graser starred as "The Lone Ranger" from 1933 to 1941 |
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| On January 20, 1937, Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first U.S. president sworn into office in January. It was his second of four inaugurations; the first had been held fours years earlier on March 4, 1933. Roosevelt's first inauguration had been shadowed by the onset of the Great Depression. Within a week of taking office, the new President had declared a Federal Bank Holiday. The Constitution of the United States had established March 4 as Inauguration Day in order to allow enough time after Election Day for officials to gather election returns and for newly-elected candidates to travel to the capital. With modern advances in communication and transportation, the lengthy transition period proved unnecessary and legislators pressed for change. The date was moved to January 20 with the passage of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933. |
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| FDR's fourth inauguration limited celebration to a cold luncheon at the White House. In part this was due to all the sacrifices that were required of the American people after four years of total war -- the rationing, the limited consumer items, the limited hotel space; in part, it was because FDR was in no shape for an extravaganza; at death's doorstep, he would pass from this earth within five weeks. | ![]() |
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| The National Negro Network was a black-oriented radio programming service in the United States founded on January 20, 1954 by W. Leonard Evans. It was the first black-owned radio network in the country. Its programming was initially broadcast on forty member stations. The network featured a variety of different programming, including a popular soap opera "The Story of Ruby Valentine", which was based on CBS's "We Love and Learn", and starred Juanita Hall. The network eventually failed due to its failure to attract major advertisers. |
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| The Thunderbirds recorded for a local label (Kae Records) owned by DJ Kae Williams, whose first act as manager of the group was to suggest that they change their name. Group member Earl Beal offered The Silhouettes, (after the hit by the Rays, and also the Diamonds), which all concerned liked. When the single started to sell, the master recording was sold to Ember Records, which reissued the record for national distribution. It hit #1 -- the only single by the Silhouettes to make the national charts. |
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| This was written by Hank Ballard, who originally recorded it in 1959 with his group The Midnighters. Ballard was an influential musician who blended Rock, Country and Gospel in the '50s and '60s. He died in 2003. Ballard got the idea for the song by watching his backup group, The Midnighters, on stage. To Hank the group often moved onstage like they were "trying to put a cigarette out." In a sense, they were twisting. |
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| "Meet the Beatles!" was The Beatles first "official" album in America, released on January 20, 1964 by Capitol Records, the sister company within EMI to their British label, Parlophone. Just ten days earlier Chicago's Vee-Jay Records released Introducing... The Beatles, which had been delayed for release from the previous summer. | ![]() |
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| Bob Dylan wrote this. It is the only song he wrote that went to #1. The Byrds did the vocals and lead guitar on the recording, but session musicians were brought in to play the other instruments. The band was just starting out, and were not very good musicians yet. | ![]() |
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| This was a parody of "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds," which The Beatles released a year earlier. Instead of the psychedelic sound of the Beatles song, this was Bubblegum Pop, but with similarly obtuse lyrics. John Fred Gourrier was a star baseball and basketball player for Southeastern Lousiana University, where he went on scholorship. | ![]() |
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| Simon has never said who this is about. Some of the rumors are Warren Beatty, Kris Kristofferson, Cat Stevens, and Mick Jagger, all of whom she had affairs with. Simon started recording this with Harry Nilsson singing backup, but Mick Jagger ended up singing on it instead, although he was not credited on the album. | ![]() |
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| Rodgers and Edwards wrote this after they were not allowed to enter a nightclub. It was New Year's Eve, 1977, and they were invited to Studio 54, a very popular club in New York City where many celebrities and trendsetters were known to hang out. This was #1 in the US for 6 weeks. After a while, they stopped distributing it as a single to encourage people to buy the album. | ![]() |
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| Carter asked the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to move the games, preferably to Greece. Congress and the U.S. Olympic Committee (USOC) supported the move, but the IOC rejected the request. Afterward, the USOC voted to boycott the games. | ![]() |
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| Ronald Reagan became president of the United States at the age of 69, the oldest president to take office. During inauguration celebrations, he announced that 52 American hostages that had been seized in the U.S. embassy in Tehran were being released after 444 days in captivity. | ![]() |
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| Congress passed the holiday legislation in 1983, which was then signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. A compromise moving the holiday from Jan. 15, King's birthday, which was considered too close to Christmas and New Year's, to the third Monday in January helped overcome opposition to the law. | ![]() |
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| In 1984 the idea was relaunched with a joint British and French government request for proposals to build a privately-funded link. There were four proposals: two rail tunnels, a road tunnel and a bridge. Of the four submissions received, the one most closely resembling the 1973 plan was chosen, and announced on January 20, 1986. The Franco-British Channel Fixed Link Treaty was signed by the two governments in Canterbury, Kent on February 12, 1986 and ratified in 1987. |
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| Co-written by Bolton, this is in the style of the Soul songs of the '60s and '70s that often lamented the loss of a lover (like "Since I Lost My Baby" by The Temptations). Bolton did very well covering various Soul ballads from this era. This was Bolton's first #1 hit. He had another with "When A Man Loves A Woman" in 1991. This won the 1989 Grammy for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male. | ![]() |
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